0mm, 5. O-rings are manufactured according to metric and imperial international standards such as AS-568B, DIN ISO 3601 and JIS. This PDF catalog covers the design, materials, installation and applications of O-Rings and Back-up Rings, with detailed illustrations and tables. It provides axial compression (face type) groove dimensions for aerospace metric O-ring sizes specified in MA2010. Then, calculate the Quad-Ring® Brand groove diameter as follows: a. pick the bottom two points of the side groove and the outer most point of the side groove. S. For a bore (piston) seal:O-Ring Min Groove Diameter. Select O-Ring Compounds and Order Online From the World’s Largest Inventory Network. Finishes are RMS values L G R R 1 O-Ring Dovetail Grooves Radius “R” is CRITICAL. High-durometer o-rings are better suited for higher pressures and are more resistant to extrusion. W. O-Ring Gland Design Considerations; Static O-Ring Groove Design Face Seal; Metric O-Ring Groove Design; Static O-Ring Groove Design Rod-Piston; Dynamic O-Ring. We're proud to offer the world's largest inventory of readily-available and highly customized sealing solutions. and O-ring Groove Design Chart. O-Rings, Rubber Seals and Custom. . This static o-ring groove design guide will help you find the right rod and piston gland design for your application. • Easy to use • PDF output • Saving of your designsStandard-tolerance wear rings have a radial wall tolerance that is held to ±. O-Ring Selection; Bitte definieren Sie die Anwendungsparameter und wählen Sie ein Dichtungsmaterial aus. The conditions considered to formulate the design criteria are also described, e. Calculate Results. As a global innovator for industries ranging from aerospace to medical and everything in between, we're solving the world's toughest sealing challenges, one o-ring at a time. ANSI B27. 000 in. (fig. Experimental analysis and experience have shown that elastomer o. Sizes and How to Order. The Quad Ring has replaced the Square Cut in most cases. Our Office has Closure for the Weekend. The same sealing principle. O-Ring Standard Size Charts . When designing an O-ring groove, it is essential. free. Learn more about O-Ring sizes with the links below. Dynamic applications: stretch a piston seal by up to 5% and compress a rod seal by up to 3%. 1-23) 2. Lubricating the O-ringStandard O-Rings; Metric O-Rings; Groove Design; Order Requirements. O-Rings are available in various standard sizes. Silicone Parts and Seals. 7mm, 8. 06 - Multi Reach Grooving Tools. Dual turn rings conform to MS 28782 and match the dash numbers of an AN 6227 series of O-rings. Quattro Seal grooves are also narrower due to their ability to resist “spiral failure. 14 Parker O-ring compound numbering system 15 Compound tables 15 Polyacrylate (ACM). 225"). Metric O’ring Kits; O’ring Unterteilung Kits; Back-up Band Kit; Quad-a Ring Kit;. One general guideline for good O-ring application and design is to maintain a range of % sqeeze on the O-ring (~10-40% for static and no more than 30% for dynamic). Metric and imperial O-ring groove design. smaller than 250 mm. Static O-Ring Sealing Parker Hannifi n Corporation • O-Ring Division 2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509 Phone: (859) 269-2351 † Fax: (859) 335-5128 Parker O-Ring Handbook 66° Mean Groove Diameter Coincides With Mean O-ring Diameter. Common Metric O-Rings Sizes Tolerances var y by use, please see our tolerance pages. It has good hot water/steam, excellent amine resistance, and enhanced compression set properties. A1 — Captive O-ring Groove (CORG) Cutaway with Parker's trap seal Seal-Lok Introduction The Seal-Lok fitting meets or exceeds the strict requirements of SAE J1453 and ISO 8434-3. We have made this choice for these reasons: 1. High. O’ring Groove Design. Anwendungsparameter & Materialauswahl. One butyl compound has been tested in face-type O-ring seals, using grooves that provide 15%, 30%, and 50% squeeze. 139 inch (3,53 mm) and bigger. • For ®the Quad-Rings/X-Rings not listed, the groove dimensions arePopular Sealing Material Families. 003 inches, w = 1,78 ± 0,08 mm Size Nominal Size Standard O-ring Size Metric O-ring Size Only (Inches) (Inches) (millimeters) AS 568A Actual Per AS 568 A Actual Per AS 568A Uniform Dash No. Flat Round Non-Metallic Washers; Insulator Gaskets; Custom Gaskets;. Hydraulic sealing solutions for fluid power applications have become a priority in our continued product offering. 3. com. We're proud to offer the world's largest inventory of readily-available and highly customized sealing solutions. O-Ring Gland Design Information: 131-161: 14. You should always select a size that you feel comfortable will work for your application. (Consider a Sizing Cone for small O-Rings under 2. USA Square Ring Size Chart; Common Metric O-Ring Size Chart; British O-Ring Size Chart; Japanese JIS O-Ring Size Chart; O-Ring Groove Design Reference Guides. Global O-Ring and Seal offers a large selection of metric o-ring sizes in various compounds. Silicone Parts and Seals. Japanese Metric O-Rings (JIS) and Sizes. We carry a full range of AS568 standard sizes, as well as metric sizes and O-Ring cord stock. O’ring. Popular O-Ring Material Comparison Guide; FFKM Kalrez® O-Rings Material; FFKM Markez® O-Rings Material;Outside diameter (O. BS 4518:1982 Specification for metric dimensions of toroidal sealing rings ('O'-rings) and their housings. O-RING GROOVE DESIGN. D. We have made this choice for these reasons: 1. EMI-Shielded O-Rings and Seals. 1. 6mm, 2. AS9100 / Quality Policy. O-Ring & Engineered Seals. 1-24). Static applications: stretch the diameter by up to 5% and compress by up to 3%. But encapsulated PTFE has significant surface wear and showcases abrasion and wear resistance. /-0. Parker O-Ring Handbook - ORD 5700 pdf. Common Metric O-Ring Size Chart; British O-Ring Size Chart; Japanese JIS O-Ring Size Chart; O-Ring Groove Design Reference Guides. Since axial, radial and flange applications. 2360 Palumbo Drive. O-Ring with a FEP PTFE outer layer encapsulating a Silicone core. As well as the chemical volume swell or shrinkage of the O-ring. Seal Design Guide. , seal stretch, cross-section reduction, squeeze, and swell. Highly printable, and will still capture the oring. Learn More > Contact. 1-23) 2. >>>>> Last edited: Apr 8, 2020. 8 μm Ra). Hard material yields higher pressure. View our technical reference guides: O-Ring Sizes , O-Ring Material Guide , O-Ring Groove Design , O-Ring Chemical Compatibility , O-Ring Failure Analysis . SMS 1586 Metric O-Rings. Custom Made O-Rings; Fluorosilicone O-Rings;Figure 1: O-Ring dimensioning ADVANTAGES Compared with other sealing elements, the O-Ring has a wide range of advantages: - Simple, one-piece groove design reduces hardware and design costs - Compact design allows smaller hardware - Easy, failsafe installation reduces risk - Applicable to a wide range of sealing applications: static,To compress an O-ring of 5. Radius “R” is critical. Compounds; Chemical Compatibility; Viton® vs. According to BS4518 the O-Ring reference number =. 003 inches, w = 1,78 ± 0,08 mm Size Nominal Size Standard O-ring Size Metric O-ring Size Only (Inches) (Inches) (millimeters) AS 568A Actual Per AS 568 A Actual Per AS 568A Uniform Dash No. 31. Housing groove width. Gland Depth x Groove Width (area of the gland) must be larger than the cross section area of the o-ring. Simriz® SZ487. Kalrez® O-Rings FFKM. Test. ) is for reference only. . CS=1. The Global O-Ring and Seal Size Reference Chart covers the AS568 O-Ring Sizes published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (S. USA Square Ring Size Chart; Common Metric O-Ring Size Chart; British O-Ring Size Chart; Japanese JIS O-Ring Size Chart; O-Ring Groove Design Reference Guides. , Japanese JIS, British BS and Common Metric o-ring size charts. Bore. Now, follow the steps below to design your own o-ring seal and o-ring groove. I. MS 28783 back-up rings match the dash numbers an AN 6230 O-rings. 2360 Palumbo Drive. 2. The ERIKS O-ring manual is a guide which assists you in the selection of the best O-ring out of the correct rubber compound in the right application. Markez® O-Rings FFKM. Consider replacing Rubber Square-Rings with O. This recommended practice provides the design criteria for static elastomeric O-ring seal applications, axial compression (face type) groove dimensions for aerospace metric O-ring sizes specified in MA2010. Markez® O-Rings FFKM. O-Ring Groove Design. Example: Based on your groove dimension in a static application, you are looking for an O-ring with 308 mm inner diameter and 5 mm cord thickness. A. We're proud to offer the world's largest inventory of readily-available and highly customized sealing solutions. 2487 RFQ. For designing systems which contain internal pressure, like the example below, the groove's outside diameter (OD) is primary, and the groove's width then determines the inside diameter. The majority of o’ring rubbers have hardness’s between 60 and 90 Duro. The O-ring is the most widely used seal in the. Fluid Compatibility Guide A detailed list of fluids/chemicals with their compatibility ratings for use with the most common O-Ring materials. Click Grooves (Toolbox toolbar) or Toolbox > Grooves . ) is for reference only. standard P. • They are cost-effective. This metric o-ring groove design reference guide will help you find the right radius, back-up, pressure and other o-ring dimensions for basic applications. Chemraz® O. You can also look up charts for metric O rings where a 1mm does actually measure 1. O'ring groove dimensions for static and dynamic operation. Kalrez® O-Rings FFKM. There are two main o-ring sizing types: standard and metric. Seal-Lok tube fittings (also known as flat face, O-ring face seal or ORFS fittings) have been proven to be very effective in eliminating leakage at higher pressures found in today's hydraulic systems. Step 3. AS568 Static O-Ring Axial Face Seal Glands (Link to: Metric O-Ring Groove Information) Static seals exist where there is no relative motion between the mating surfaces being sealed. Learn the basics of O-Rings and Back-up Rings from Trelleborg, a leading global supplier of sealing solutions. Male or Plug - the O-ring groove is located on a plug which is inserted into the housing or cylinder (fig. DIN 3771 Size Chart. Markez® O-Rings FFKM. If you have a custom O-ring size that does not appear on this chart, contact us directly and we can help you size your O. This interactive tool will walk you through calculating values for diameters, compression, tolerance and more for your custom seal application. One of the keys to creating a functional o-ring seal involves evaluation of o-ring volume and groove volume. • If the Quad™-ring swells in the appli-cation, the groove width can be. D. Male or Plug Seal design is based on the following factors (refer to fig. Standard USA X-Rings sizes. Aerospace Group. ISO 3601-2. These are the sizes that are most readily available. 1; 2; 3;O-Ring Groove Design. and load them also into your created design. An undercut or dovetail groove has proven beneficial in many applications to keep the o-ring in place. O-ring groove design is a key consideration in the o-ring selection process. The O-ring inner diameter (ID) should also stretch approximately 5% over your groove or gland. We're proud to offer the world's largest inventory of readily-available and highly customized sealing solutions. O-Ring Gland Design Considerations; Static O-Ring Groove Design Face Seal; Metric O-Ring Groove Design; Static O-Ring Groove Design Rod-Piston; Dynamic O-Ring Groove Design Rod-Piston; Static O. 091 0. 7. Suggested Groove Design for Quattro Seals™. Metric o-ring groove designs vary greatly and choosing the right one for your application is important for maximum o-ring performance. Please note that no tolerances or materials are taken into consideration in this cross-reference chart. L = Gland Depth. dovetail groove 46 Dynamic seal – hydraulic 49 Sizing charts 50 2-xxx sizes. Global O-Ring and Seal’s loaded u-cups come in straight lip and bevel lip variations, each engineered for specific application needs. Using the table above, determine the maximum recommended gland depth for your application. We're proud to offer the world's largest inventory of readily-available and highly customized sealing solutions. , Japanese JIS, British BS, or Common Metric sizing for o-rings, these o-ring size charts will help you locate the right o-ring size. Once you’ve found the dovetail o-ring you need, you can quickly and easily order online from the world's largest o-ring inventory network. The European valves seem to use bonded/dowty seals and coppers more often. About Allied Please Used. E. In most static applications, it is a direct replacement for an. The reason such a large O-ring was chosen is (cross diameter = Ø0. It is the most common and most widely known type of seal in use today. See below for our entire list of beveled retaining ring dimensions and configuration drawings. O'ring groove dimensions for static and dynamic operation. (A) is shown as a radius rather than a diameter. In addition to standard metric o-ring sizes, thousands of non-standard metric o-rings sizes are available in stock or can be custom-made within a few weeks, usually without additional tooling fees. For complete list of o-ring seal sizes, please use the O-Ring Size Search Tool online at applerubber. allorings. thermal expansion of the groove and the O-ring. Modifications to. Popular Sealing Material Families. Contact Us For Assistance Or Samples Click Here and contact us today to receive a quote or if you have any questions regarding sizing. The O-Ring is one of the most basic and functional seals ever made and is the backbone to all the hydraulic and sealing applications in the world. Groove Design - O Rings West The important thing is to follow the ID/OD based on the direction of the pressure acting on the seal. 22 - Max-Groove AlTiN Coated. Highly printable, and will still capture the oring. The multi sealing points also reduce the amount of force needed to seal and extends the life of the seal. The groove must be designed to accommodate not just the o’ring size, but also its intended usage; be it dynamic or static operation, radial or axial loading, vacuum or high pressure. O-ring Groove Design in 3 easy steps: Step 1. 1 OR O-rings in static radial sealing, metric sizes ID 2,9 – 17,3 mm Dimensions Dash-number Designation Outside groove Inside groove ID CS L R D d 1 d D 1 +0,2 max. chemical volume swell (%) cross section diameter (mm) ISO 3601. wider than the maximum piston ring width with a tolerance of +0. Metric o-ring groove designs vary greatly and choosing the right one for your application is important for maximum o-ring performance. This product guide provides sizing, housing and material details for our broad ranges of O‑ring products. Displays the diameter of the selected cylindrical face, or No selected diameter. BS 1806 Metric Sizes. Explore some of the most common sealing materials we offer here. So, we’ll be looking for a 100 series O-ring groove to match that dimension. O-ring groove design is critical to the performance of the O-ring seal. 3. thermal expansion of the groove and the O-ring. 022/-0. Thousands of non-standard sizes are available in stock or can be made within a few weeks typically without tooling fees so no need to settle for a less than optimal fit. O-Ring Size Charts USA Parker 2- AS568A, JIS Japanese, Common Metric, BS British : Groove Design Assistance Groove Design Charts and Considerations : Material Comparison Guide Elastomer Materials vs. We have made this choice for these reasons: 1. Fig. Ph: 859-269-2351. 42 - Quick Change Grooving. Common Metric O-Ring Size Chart; British O-Ring Size Chart; Japanese JIS O-Ring Size Chart; O-Ring Groove Design Reference Guides. The outstanding heat stability and excellent resistances are due to the high ratio of fluorine to hydrogen. Sealing solutions size charts. The groove design should follow industry standards or guidelines provided by O-Ring manufacturers to achieve effective sealing in different applications. Introduction 5 2. g. Describes the groove. Make it half a hexagon, with the inside edge being vertical, and the top/bottom edges of the inside the 45°angle chamfers. I always take the fittings to our Hose room and grab a new BSPP hose crimp fitting and double check it threads all the way and locks. The groove width dimensions are listed in. Inch o-ring groove designs varying greatly and click that right one for your application is vital for peak o-ring production. Dovetail Grove. Dynamic o-rings with rod and piston gland designs are used for most basic dynamic applications. Polyurethane O-Rings. As well as the chemical volume swell or shrinkage of the O-ring. O-Ring groove and dimensions may be calculated as follows (please refer to chart above) Given: Example. As important as the o’ring seal itself is the groove that the o’ring seats into. 020 0. No less than 75% of the seal cross-section should be contained within the groove to ensure the seal does not “roll” or extrude out of the groove. Once you locate the. Find the recommended O-ring size and gland dimensions in the appropriate design table in Static O-Ring Sealing or Dynamic O-Ring Sealing, Sections IV and V, respectively. Popular Sealing Material Families. O-Ring Assembling Conditions: 162-168: 15. Finishes are RMS values L G R R 1 O-Ring Dovetail Grooves Radius “R” is. has established itself as an industry leader in the sealing and gasketing industry. View our technical reference guides: O-Ring Sizes , O-Ring Material Guide , O-Ring Groove Design , O-Ring Chemical Compatibility , O-Ring Failure Analysis . For additional information about O-ring and back-up ring materials, refer to Materials and about extrusion, refer to Gap extrusion. Kalrez® O-Rings FFKM. For more information or to request a quote on backup rings, please give us a call at 832-448-5550 or submit the Product Inquiry Form. This metric o-ring rill design reference leadership will help you find the right radius, back-up, pressure and other o-ring machine for basic applications. to O-ring groove, bolt holes and bolt pattern dimensions of either Code 61 or Code 62 of SAE J518 and ISO 6162-1 or ISO 6162-2. . Read-only properties for the selected groove. The multi-lobe (Quad) design resists rolling in dynamic application preventing spiral failure. . However, this is an expensive. The Surface Finish X, groove top and bottom: For liquids X= 32 micro inches. If you do not see a ring that meets your specs, you can custom-design your. Silicone Parts and Seals. This metric o-ring groove design reference guide intention help you find the right radius, back-up, pressure and sundry o-ring dimensions for basic applications. For vacuum and gases X=16 micro inches. Phone: (716) 684-6560 Fax: (716) 684-8302 E-mail: info@applerubber. 7mm, 8. METRIC. In static applications the recommended squeeze is usually between 15-30%. 1. Flat Round Non-Metallic Washers; Insulator Gaskets; Custom Gaskets;. For more information or to request a quote on Square Rings, please give us a call at 832-448-5550 or submit the Product Inquiry Form. Groove fill of the installed O-ring should not be more than 85 % to. The O-ring groove calculator enables engineers to specify an O-ring groove for any given O-ring or vice versa calculates the best suitable size O-ring for any given groove. Quick reference tape measure confirms metric size O-Rings 64mm-665mm Inside diameter on one side and USA AS568 standard O-Ring sizes from 2. For industrial use, order the. Worldwide O-Ring inventory network available online, manufacturer direct pricing with same day shipping. Common Application Environments : Chemical Compatibility Guide Fluid Compatibility Ratings for Common Elastomer Materials. EPDM O-Rings. O-Ring Compatibility O-ring compatibility information for. Read-only properties for the selected groove. To accommodate the additional back-up rings, the O-ring groove width L needs to be increased to L1 for one back-up ring or L2 for two back-up rings . O-Rings. O-ring groove design is a key consideration in the o-ring selection process. Please see our O’ring Size page for a comprehensive list of BS1806/AS568A, SAE and JIS metric sizes. For the non-3d printing information on O-rings, check out Machinery's handbook. Back to Technical info. 8 μm Ra) • Gland Dimensions Static Application-Face Seal. We have included Static, dynamic, and pneumatic applications. O’ring. These metric o-ring groov design reference guide will help you find the right radius, back-up, press and other o-ring dimensions required basic applications. Numerous factors go into the appropriate design of an o-ring gland. PRODUCT CLASS: O-RING KIT USA WAREHOUSE STYLE. Loaded U-Cups, Non loaded U-Cups, Hydraulic or Pneumatic U-Cups We make getting U-Cups easy! MUU Symmetrical. Note 1. Gland design guideline The data in this website are found to be useful to us. Groove dimensions for the Quad™-ring are slightly different however, as less squeeze is required on the seal. SAE MAP3440 - O-Ring Groove Design For Packing Preformed, Elastomeric O-Ring Seals, Static, Radial Squeeze, Metric March 1, 1990 - SAE This recommended practice provides the design criteria for static elastomeric O - ring seal applications, radial squeeze groove dimensions for aerospace metric O - ring seal sizes as specified in. Our o-ring groove design guides list default o-ring groove dimensions for the most basic applications and are intended to be used with the following o-ring groove design considerations to engineer on o-ring gland to optimize specific. Create a new 3-point Workplane. It will be seen from the results plotted in Figure I (see page 3) that increasing the squeeze reduced the leak rate dramatically. Metric O’ring Kits; O’ring Section Kits; Back-up Band Kit; Quad Rings Kit; Bonds Washer Constructive;Suggestions on printing an o-ring groove. and Inside Diameter cross section. Metric o-ring groove dimensions are listed for the most common metric cross sections with and without backup rings. CUSTOM KIT. As important as the o’ring seal itself is the groove that the o’ring seats into. When to use PTFE seals 7 3. H P PRESSURE (P) FROM INSIDE 1 = ‘O’ Ring I. Seal Types and Gland Design. The thread relief of the pin thread is approximately 2. Polyurethane O-Rings. Skip to content. O-Ring Size Charts USA Parker 2- AS568A, JIS Japanese, Common Metric, BS British : Groove Design Assistance Groove Design Charts and Considerations : Material Comparison Guide Elastomer Materials vs. Browse design. Dynamic applications: stretch a piston seal by up to 5% and compress a rod seal by up to 3%. Once you find the exact metric o-ring you need, you can easily order online from the world's largest o-ring inventory network. 5" inside diameter. DESCRIPTION: 36 USA X-RING SIZES 226 TOTAL X-RINGS. manufacturers of encapsulated o-rings and industrial gaskets. Total indicator reading between groove and adjacent bearing surface. METRIC DOVETAIL GROOVE DESIGNS. oesmailbox@parker. Using the table above, determine the maximum recommended gland depth for your application. Seal Types and Gland Design. Static o-ring inside and outside diameters, cross-sections and other dimensions are a fundamental component of o-ring performance. Created Date: 7/7/2015 3:14:46 PMd-ring cross section techseal division radial seal design guide - tsd 5440 3bejbm tfbmt ejggfs gspn gbdf tfbmt blb byjbm tfbmt jo uif ejsfdujpo jo xijdi dpnqsfttjpo ps trvff[f jt bqqmjfe up uif tfbm dsptt tfdujpot 3bejbm tfbmt ibwf dpnqsfttjpo bqqmjfe up uifjs pvutjef ejbnufs 0 % boe jotjef ejbnfufs * % (see figure 1. 000: Over 3 to 6: 0/-0. Technical Handbook O-rings Standard O-ring Sizes (000 Series 004 to 050 cross section Diameters w = . The only drawback to a high durometer is the decreased squeeze of the o-ring. This is also the case when placing an item inside another item and utilising the o-ring as the final sealant. Standard was developed for use in the United States, while the international community uses metric sizes. O-rings with smaller cross sections are squeezed by a higher percentage to overcome the relatively higher groove dimension tolerances. NF T 47-501 Metric O-Rings. O-ring sire. 45 degree angle on the male cover. PART NUMBER SKU: Please choose a configuration from the list below in order to check availability and pricing: If you require options not listed online yet, please. Example: N0674-70 2-325. PRESSURE (P) FROM OUTSIDE GG T G G E E T T T I. Groove Design. Metric o-ring groove designs vary greatly and choosing the right one for your application is important for maximum o-ring performance. Browse design considerations and recommendations for static face seals, metric o-rings, static dovetail o-rings, static rod-piston o-rings and dynamic rod-piston o-rings. The OD of the ring should be about the. The Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS B 2401) contains three groups; aerospace group, general purpose group, and traditional group. Learn More > Contact. D. Seal & Design Canada: Toronto, Ontario (416) 741-7005 Toll Free: 1-866-242-3770Common Metric O-Ring Size Chart; British O-Ring Size Chart; Japanese JIS O-Ring Size Chart; O-Ring Groove Design Reference Guides. Dimensional tolerances for all metric o-rings offered by Global O-Ring and Seal are in accordance with ISO 3601-1B. Standard was developed for use in the United States, while the international community uses metric sizes. In the Grooves dialog box: To create an O-ring groove, click the O-Ring Grooves tab. This Chart Calculator Specifies Groove design for o-ring sizes ranging from 0. 50 1. Make it half a hexagon, with the inside edge being vertical, and the top/bottom edges of the inside the 45°angle chamfers. AS568 O-Ring - Groove Design. Worldwide O-Ring inventory network available online, manufacturer direct pricing with same day shipping. Low. The O-ring sits in the groove and is compressed during assembly, creating a seal between two surfaces. The online O-Ring Calculator offers engineers and professionals a quick and easy way to calculate O-Ring dimensions and the appropriate housing layout in accordance with the international O-Ring standard ISO 3601. 002 for sizes 2-006 through 2-324 + . O-Ring Gland Design Considerations; Static O-Ring Groove Design Face Seal; Metric O-Ring Groove Design; Static O-Ring Groove Design Rod-Piston; Dynamic O-Ring. O-Ring Cross Section. Choose between more than 30 groove materials and 11 O-ring compounds! Benefit from a modern user friendly design and be guided from design rec-ommendations from info boxes. 6.